November 17 took its name from the date of an uprising of a group of students at the Polytechnical School in Athens in 1973. The student uprising was crushed by the Greek Military Junta (1967-1974) led by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, who had seized dictatorial powers in the coup d´état of 1967. The 17-N group was founded in 1975, one year after the fall of the military junta. Their first act of terrorism was the assasination of Richard Welch, the head of the CIA bureau in Athens. Over 21 people were later added to the murder and kill list of 17-N, including American, British and Turkish diplomats as well as Greek policemen, businessmen and politicians.

In 1932, a right-wing Irish organization, first called the Army Comrades Association (ACA), then the National Guard, and eventually merged into the Fine Gael Party, was started by Thomas F. O'Higgins and "General" Eoin O'Duffy, who where the first two leaders. Because the membership wore "St. Patrick´s blue," (sky blue) shirts, they soon became more popularly known by their nickname of "The Blueshirts." The Blueshirts, at least on the surface, appeared to be the Irish equivalent of the German Brownshirts or Italian Blackshirts; they wore paramilitary-style uniforms, greeted each other with Roman salutes, and participated in street violence and fights, usually against the IRA. Although they didn't seem to completely follow Fascist doctrine and didn't engage in political terrorism, the Blueshirts were declared an extremist and illegal organization by the Irish government.

There are probably as many different kinds of Anarchist Movements as there are different ideologies or traditions in most normal societies. The term "anarchism" is basically used by people who want to abolish the government, abolish capitalism, abolish violence, abolish technology, abolish large-scale production, or abolish as existing society as whole. They seek to overturn, by violence if necessary, all constituted forms and institutions of society and government, with no plans for establishing any other system of order in the place of that destroyed. Basically, an anarchist is a person who promotes disorder or revolt against any established rule, law, or custom.

Anarchists & Soviet Communists Munich, Germany		Zapatista National Liberation Army EZLN - Mexico
Eco-Anarchist Flag Generic Type #8		Eco-Anarchist Flag Russia
Fulor Movement Flag Brittany - Type #1		Fulor Movement Flag Brittany - Type #2
Anarcho-Feminists Flag Germany		Youth International Party Flag United States

These flags are examples of hundreds of flags used by a wide variety of Anarchist movements world-wide. The generic ones can be found with a large variety of defacements, usually with white lettering, messages, or emblems. The flag of the Youth International Party (late 1960s-early 1970s) is an especially interesting combination: black field for anarchy, red star of socialism, and green Marijuana leaves. Not surprising since the party leaders were Abby Hoffman and Jerry Rubin.

The Anti-Fascist Action (Action antifasciste), founded in 2008, is a network of French autonomous (extreme-leftist) antifascist groups. These groups and their members are known as antifas. The French antifas are "affiliated" to an informal group of similar movements that emerged all over Europe (Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Spain) in the 1990s. They are based on the German Communist Antifaschistiche Aktion movement of the 1930s which was crushed by the Nazis after they got into power in 1933. Their main goal is to get rid extreme-rightist and neo-Nazi movements, stopping at nothing, including street violence and illegal acts.

The American Party of Labor (APL) is a Communist organization started in the United States in 2007. The party platform was established at the new Party’s First General Congress on December 6, 2008, held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Although the party claims membership across the United States, the largest party activity seems to be in the Atlanta and Milwaukee areas. The current APL General Secretary is Alexander I. Serpov.

The Acción Revolucionaria Nacionalista Ecuatoriana (ARNE) was a political movement founded in 1942; it was organized and militant, strongly doctrinaire; very unlike other movements and Ecuadorian political parties of the period who lacked a proper structure.

In this country, the neo-Nazis keep splitting up and forming new factions. The American National Socialist Party (ANSP) is one such splinter group. Their motto is "Raising up from the ashes, rebuilding the white race, one person at a time." They maintain several similar websites including "the one and only true Aryan Nations," and another for a youth group called "The Werewolf Youth Legion." They are headquartered in Chillicothe, Ohio.

The Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten/Nationale Aktivisten (ANS-NA) was a very active and violent German neo-Nazi organization.

They were originally founded in 1977 by Michael Kühnen under the name of the "Action Front of National Socialists" (ANS). By 1979, their violent policies resulted in most of their leaders being arrested and jailed.

The German American Bund (AV), or "German American Federation," was a pre-World War II American Nazi organization active in New York between 1936-1939, whose roots can be found in the earlier Teutonia Club (1924-1933) and in the FDND ("Friends of New Germany" - Freunde Des Neue Deutschland) movement between 1933-1936. An internal power struggle fought for control over the Friends in 1934 resulted in Heinz Spanknöbel, Alter Kämpfer, and Fritz Julius Kuhn starting the new German American Bund in Buffalo, New York.

Essentially a variation on the swastika, and popular for that reason, the triskele was a symbol occasionally used by the Nazi regime, most notably as the insignia for a Waffen SS division composed of Belgian volunteers. After World War II, the "Three Sevens" version of the triskele was popularized by white supremacists in Europe and South Africa. The symbol is also used as part of the logo of the international racist skinhead group, "Blood & Honour."

The odal rune is used by the South African African Student Federation. It is the last letter of futhark, the "modern" 16 letter viking rune set. It was originally used by ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) from the Yugoslavia SS-regiment (The 7. SS Freiwillingen-Gebirgs — Division Prinz Eugen) operating during World War II in the Nazi Germany sponsored State of Croatia.

The Allgermanische Heidnische Front (AHF) was a far right militant Neopagan international organization espousing a philosophy influenced by Ásatrú (Odinism). Notice the strong resemblance of their flag to the flag of the Hitler Jugend, with the alghiz rune replacing the swastika. The AHF was founded and initially led by Norwegian black metal musician and heathen Varg Vikernes, who founded the Norsk Hedensk Front (Norwegian Heathen Front), which soon evolved into the AHF. (Varg Vikernes later ceased to be involved with the organization) The group seeked to restore ancient Germanic religion of Odinism and was strongly anti-Semitic. In 2001, the AHF claimed chapters in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the USA, Canada, Russia, and Flanders, but since 2006, the Allgermanische Heidnische Front is apparently defunct.

Lawrence Dennis, an American diplomat and author, advocated fascism and talked of founding the "American Fascist Party" in the years following the Great Depression, but the group never materialized. Dennis and others were later tried for sedition under the Smith Act in what became known as "The Great Sedition Trial of 1944." The case ended in a mistrial when the judge died of a heart-attack.

The Açăo Integralista Brasileira (AIB), also called the "Green Shirts" after their uniform shirt color, was a fascist movement founded in 1932 by Plínio Salgado after the 1930 revolution that brought Getúlio Vargas to power. Vargas banned all parties in 1937 and foiled an Integralist plot to seize power by force during the 1938 elections by declaring a state of siege. The AIB was revived in the guise of the PRP, one of the legal parties permitted after World War II, which were in turn abolished when the armed forces seized power from the elected civilian government in 1964.

The American Nazi Party, founded by George Lincoln Rockwell in 1959 and led by him until his death, had a flag like that of Nazi Germany with a small blue globe in the center of the swastika, representing North America being consumed by the swastika. A variant of this ANP flag replaced the globe with a blank solid blue circle and can be seen in some early color photographs. Rockwell initially called his party the "World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists" (WUFENS), but later renamed it the American Nazi Party in 1960 to attract maximum media attention. The party, headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, largely based its platform upon the ideals and policies of Adolf Hitler's NSDAP, but added a policy of Holocaust denial, and expressed allegiance to the Constitutional principles of the American Founding Fathers.

This flag sometimes has been used by cells of the extremist Arab terrorist organization al-Qaeda, who have been responsible for many senseless bombings and deaths. It is black with the "long version" of the Shahada in a yellowish color and a yellowish circle in the center. A variant has the lettering and circle in white. The flag is never flown, but usually hung on a wall. This flag was used in the background of several beheading videos. In the videos it is not clear enough to tell whether the lettering and circle is white or yellow, but it probably differs depending on who made the particular flag. The flags are not machine-produced, but hand-made, usually from two pieces of black nylon with embroidered lettering and circle.

The Aryan Fist symbol is a twist on the fist representing the Black power movement and the battle against racial oppression. White Power (U.S. Nazi Skins) uses a logo consisting of a white fist upwards on black.

Aryan Nations (AN) is a white nationalist neo-Nazi organization founded in the 1974 by Richard Girnt Butler as the political arm of the Church of Jesus Christ-Christian. As of December 2007 there were two main factions that claimed descent from Butler's group.

The Spanish red-yellow-red flag defaced with a Celtic Cross (Sun Wheel) and/or a Carlist-like double eagle are flags of Bases Autónomas (BBAA), a loose almost defunct neo-Nazi organization. Although the BBAA disbanded, some sleeper cells are rumored to still exist in several cities, especially Madrid and Burgos. Most of the militant leaders of this neo-Nazi, anarchist, violent and clandestine organization now conduct their militant activities from within other groups, such as Resistance, the DN, NuevOrden, Falangists and the Revolutionary Nationalist Coordinator.

Some BBAA-like Spanish cell organizations still exist, such as Hermandad Nacionalsocialista Armagedón (Armageddon National Socialist Brotherhood), which is active in the Valencia area and split from Acción Radical in 1998. The Armageddon Brotherhood has claimed responsibility for Molotov cocktail attacks against branches of the Popular, Socialist and Izquierda Unida parties in some towns near Valencia.

Other variant flags reported as being used by the Bases Autónomas

Other rumors about the Bases Autónomas still circulate, such as ex-members of this defunct Spanish hate organization still allegedly having links to other fascist groups still operating in Italy. These various variants of their flags are still manufactured for ignorant tourists who still buy them as historical Spanish flags in souvenir shops throughout Spain.

Today, the Black Moslems are known as the "Nation of Islam" and are directed by Reverend Louis Farrakhan. They are not the militant organization of the past. In the early 60s, the Black Muslims were very active and violent extremist. In fact, Middle East Muslims rejected the American Black Muslim version of Islam, which was pretty much just a hate the white man movement. Malcolm X, perhaps their most well-known leader, eventually abandoned many of these violent ideas and converted to true Sunni Islam. Because of this, he was gunned down in a mosque by two black men wielding shotguns.

The Black Panther Party, originally known as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was an African-American revolutionary leftist organization founded in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. The Black Panther Party achieved national and international notoriety through its involvement in the Black Power movement and in U.S. politics of the 1960s and 70s. The organization initially claimed to be protecting the African American neighborhoods from police brutality, but the leaders soon claimed to be followed socialist and Maoist communist doctrines. It was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982.

The Black Panther's Logo

Although the Black Panthers were not noted for showing flags at their many rallies and demonstrations, the flag that is most associated with them was the Afro-American Flag. Another flag featured a springing black panther (the Party Logo) under the words "Free Huey" used at demonstrations against his imprisonment. The last variant shown is an Afro-American Flag with the addition of a red star on the black strip that was also reportability first seen in Oakland, California, in 1989, at the funeral of Huey Newton.

Also see Black Liberation Flag 1920 on Modern American Protest and Message Flags page.

This is the flag flown at the Mt. Carmel Branch Davidian Compound during the infamous Waco Siege in 1993. The Branch Davidians, or simply "The Branch," were an extremist religious group that split from the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in 1930s. The Davidians believed themselves to be living in the time of the Biblical Final Judgment and Christ's Second Coming. The group and its members were "excommunicated" by the Adventist Church after the split.

The Bloc Identitaire is an extreme right French nationalist political group. It was founded in 2003 by former members of Unité Radicale and several other nationalist groups. The Bloc Identitaire claims to represent all "young French and Europeans who are proud of their roots and of their heritage." It opposes what it calls "miscegenation" and "imperialism" (both American and Moslem), and has organized campaigns and demonstrations, sometimes violent, against Moslems, Jews, Communists, and other non-white ethnic and political groups. The Bloc identitaire runs the Nationalist Press Agency and website called Novopress, and identifies itself with other neo-Nazi and extremist groups in other parts of Western Europe and North America.

The Red Brigades was an Italian Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that was behind numerous violent incidents, assassinations, acts of sabotage, bank robberies, and kidnappings. The Red Brigades attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with these violent attempts to destabilize Italy. First formed in 1967, this violent left wing extremist organization sought to create a "revolutionary" state through armed struggle, and to force Italy to leave the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In the late 1980s, the group was broken up by mass arrests and then slowly faded into insignificance as the leadership turned on each other.

This was the flag of Boere Weerstandsbeweging (BWB) which was black with white cross fimbrated red; in the center of the cross is a white circle fimbrated red with three black "7"s. The BWB was initially led by Eddie von Maltitz and subsequently by Andrew Ford. This flag and its symbol are now also being used by European Nazis as they have volunteered to fight in a race war in South Africa.

The full name of this Swiss extremist party was Bund treuer Eidgenossen nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung, which translates loosely into the "League of True Confederates of the National Socialist Ideology." The party was founded in March of 1938 by former members of the Swiss National Front, who thought that their old party was no longer truly following the Nazi ideology. It was led by Alfred Zander, who in September of 1938 attended the Nuremberg Rally (the annual convention of the Nazi party) and spoke in favor of the idea that Switzerland should join the Reich. In May of 1938, Bruno Oswald in Berne founded a local chapter with about 25 members, while the "national" membership of BTE would eventually reach about 175 members. In July of 1939 Zander was arrested on his return from Germany and sentenced to jail, together with other BTE leaders and party members. In October of 1940 the party was disbanded and most of its remaining members joined the National Movement of Switzerland (Nationale Bewegung der Schweiz), another similar group which intended to become a unified Swiss Nazi party. The Swiss Government banned the group the following month.

The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was founded in 1932 by Sir Oswald Mosley, a former Labor government minister and former MP of the Conservative Party. BUF's emblem was the one used by Italian fascists and by other fascist movements, the fasces. In the British flag the fasces was white placed over a gray disk on a red field.

The Canadian Fascist Party (CFP) was a fascist political party based in the Canadian city of Winnipeg. Although the party was a splinter group from the Canadian Nationalist Party and claimed to base its platform on the principles of corporativism, rather than the largely racial motivations of the Nationalist Party, many of the party membership were racially motivated. The party was founded as the British Empire Union of Fascists and was affiliated with the British Union of Fascists. It later became known as the Canadian Union of Fascists and Canadian Union, for short. It published its own newspaper called "The Thunderbolt."

The flag of the Círculo Espańol de Amigos de Europa (CEDADE) was probably the first "modern flag" of an European neo-nazi organization.

CFPA Flag (2000-2003)


CFPA Flag (2003-2009)
Based on the Austro-Fascist flag


CFPA Flag (2003-2009)
Based on the Lebanese Falange flag


"Christian Forces" Flag

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"Crutch Cross" Symbol

   This symbol is also known as the "Jerusalem Cross," or the "Crusader's Cross" and is commonly found on CFPA, CPO, and other like websites, and on their literature. It is a heraldic cross and a Christian symbol consisting of a large Greek cross surrounded by four smaller Greek crosses, one in each quadrant. It, like many other historical symbols, has been commandeered by extremist groups in an attempt to legitimize their existance.
   The Jerusalem Cross is also used on the flag of Georgia.

The Christian Falangist Party of America (CFPA) was founded in Philadelphia in 2000 to replace the National Syndical American Falangist Party (NSAFP). They claimed to be dedicated "to fighting the "Forces of Darkness" which seek to destroy all of Western Judeo-Christian Civilization.

This new Falangist organization claimed that they no longer would condone acts of violence or hatred towards those of differing or opposing viewpoints and lifestyles, and they would no longer tolerate racism or anti-Semitism among their membership in any form. They severed their former ties to the Spanish Falange and all other "neo-Nazi/anti-Democratic/third position groups" who used the name Falange or Falangist. Instead of claiming succession from the NSAFP, they claimed to have derived their name from the Lebanese Falange, one of the oldest and strongest Christian parties from Lebanon, which, in fact, were originally modelled after the Spanish Falange, but gradually got rid of the Fascist "appearance" through the years, although its members still use a form of Roman salute. This new Christian Falangist Party claimed they believed only in the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Holy Bible. They supported the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and nationalistic loyalty to the United States of America. Unfortunately, in practice, it soon turned out to be business as usual.

The original party flag was charged with a blue "Battle Cross" within a red ring, all on white field. The cross was derived from a similar one which was used by the Lebanese Forces, a former militia and current political party of Lebanese Christians, which was also partly modelled after the Lebanese Falange (borrowed their form of Roman salute, etc.). In 2003, The "Battle Cross" was replaced with a crutch-cross. This emblem was derived from that of the Fatherland Front (Austria 1934-1938), whose ideology was known as the Austro-Fascism, but although it was authoritarian and corporativist, it was generally less oppressive than most similar contemporary European regimes. It certainly was anti-Nazi and opposed the Anschluss; their first leader, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, was killed by the Austrian Nazis during an unsuccessful coup in 1934 and his successor, Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, was sent to a concentration camp after the Anschluss. After the war, Schuschnigg moved to the USA and became a US citizen and the professor of Political Science at Saint Louis University. The Christian Integralist and anti-Nazi ideology of the Fatherland Front was chosen by the CFPA to be their new source of inspiration.

Along with the Fatherland Front, the Lebanese Falange remained the model for the CFPA and an alternative party flag was introduced after 2003, using a stylized tree like the cedar of the Lebanese Falangists, but striped in red and blue on white field so as to display the US national colors. The "Battle Cross" has reappeared, in a slightly modified form and painted in red, on white flag of the "Christian Forces", a would-be militia or social organization which seems to never have been really operative (which makes it difficult to decide about their real nature), although an address was reserved for their planned website which never appeared, only their flag having been regularly presented along with the party flags.

Christian Zionists of America Flag "Crutch Cross" or the "Crusader Cross"		Christian Zionist Roman Catholics Flag "Jerusalem Cross"

In accordance with their highly pronounced anti-Muslim and pro-Israeli attitude, CFPA members have founded another partner organization, the Christian Zionists of America, which adopted a flag derived from that of Israel by replacing the Shield of David with a blue crutch-cross. Another similar organization, the Christian Zionist Roman Catholics, was also planned to be founded, which did not happen, although the home page for their future site did appear on the Web, showing a flag similar to that of the Christian Zionists of America, but with a Jerusalem Cross instead of the crutch-cross.

The CFPA was officially disbanded in 2009, but once again re-invented themselves as the Christian Phalange. The previous partner organizations have not been yet reintroduced.

Formerly known as the Christian Falangist Party of America, the new Christian Phalange stated they were no longer a political party, but "a politically active social organization" in 2010. They claimed they changed their name because too many people associated the word "Falangist" with the neo-Fascist Spanish Falange and the neo-Nazis.

They now invited any Christian of any race or nationality to join the Christian Phalange and that their new goal is to stop the spread of Islam. Despite the name and goal change, they still remain, however, an extremist and very radical Christian Conservative organization. Although they say they are pro-Israeli and not at all racist or Nazi, their membership still really seems to have it in for gays and Muslims.

As the Christian Phalange cut back on their ultra-nationalistic symbolism, they also have abandoned their previous flags with the neo-Nazi-like appearance in favor of the one using a tree like the cedar of the Lebanese Falangists, but striped in red and blue, with a white star added on upper blue field.

However, the newest variant of the Christian Phalange flag to appear has a more natural looking tree (oak?) in blue, with a white star on its trunk, and the initials "NCP" (National Christian Phalange) placed in a centered red circle on white background. It appears to be the work of Pat Bridges, the leader of the CFPA/CP.

The La comunidad Nacionalsocialista Castellana (CNSC), also known simply as the "Council of Madrid," is a Spanish neo-Nazi group centered around the Madrid area which maintains an active Spanish website/blog filled with the usual articles warning about the "Zionist Red Army," "archaeological evidence" to support their beliefs, a future National Socialist Iberian state, various racial theories and distinctions, the Castilian solar wheel (the Broquel, or Castilian swastika), the British control of Gibraltar, the destruction of the Spanish States, Portugal, and a possible European Empire.

The Círculo de Estudios Indoeuropeos (CEI) is a national-socialist organization founded in 1997. The organization claims to be a cultural movement and is considered by most to be a continuation of the "Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe (CEDADE)."

They use a "neo-Nazi style" flag: red field, central white circle with black symbol. The central emblem is composed of the joined letters "H" and a "A," standing for "Hereditas Ambitusque," which is Latin for "Inheritance and Scope."

Although not explicitly a racist symbol, the Celtic cross, or more properly the "Sun-Wheel," is often used by people in the white power movement, especially skinheads. The cross pictured here is one most often used by racist groups.

Here is a flag with a long history that proves the rule, "one man's extremist is another man's patriot." In Serbia this flag served as a resistance flag against the World War II German occupation, but now has been opted by extremist groups and others to serve very different purposes. The Chetniks (Troopers) were originally guerrilla groups which, since 1903, operated in areas still under the Ottoman rule, fighting not only against the Ottoman Empire, but also against similar Bulgarian groups. They also participated in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) alongside the regular army, and again in World War I, in parts of Serbia which were occupied and annexed by Bulgaria (1915-1918). Along with Serbian national flags, they used black flags with skull and crossbones and inscriptions like Sloboda ili smrt (Freedom or Death). (Similar flags were also used in the Macedonian uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1903.)

The Colonial Christian Republic, with its Hutaree Militia, is a militant Christian fundamentalist group based in Adrian, Michigan. The group was formed in early 2008. They claim "Hutaree" means "Christian Warriors."

Although the Confederate flag is seen by many Southerners simply as a symbol of Southern pride, it is often used by racists to represent white domination of African-Americans. The flag remains a subject of controversy because some Southern states still fly the flag from public buildings or incorporate it into their state flag’s design.

The Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI) is a Russian nationalist hate group and anti-Illegal immigration organization. The DPNI was founded in 2002 by Vladimir Basmanov, in 2008 leadership passed to Aleksandr Belov (Potkin), the former press spokesman for ultra-nationalist Pamyat's leader, Dmitry Vasilyev. In 2010 the leadership changed once again, and Vladimir Ermolaev now leads the group.

The Movement Against Illegal Immigration was created in 2002, in reaction to ethnic violence between residents of a Moscow's suburb and immigrants from the South Caucasus and Central Asia. The Movement Against Illegal Immigration organized a number of anti-immigrant rallies throughout Russia. It also took part in carrying out the annual Russian March, a Russian ethnic pride display and protest event. Aside from mass protests the movement was active in organizing public pressure to support ethnic Russians in number of high profile court cases involving crimes committed by the immigrants.

The English Mistery (or English Mystery) was a political and esoteric group active in the United Kingdom of the 1930s. A "Conservative fringe group" in favour of bringing back the feudal system, it was described as a patriotic origanization who proposed a ´Masculine Renaissance,´ expousing an ultra-reactionary, aristocratic Toryism with an addition reference to Nietzsche, elitism and eugenics." Its views have been characterised as "aristocratic, ultra-conservative, Tory integral nationalistic, anti-liberal democratic, reactionary ultra-royalist, and anti-democratic." (Enjoy that trip to the dictionary) Basically, it was against everything to do with welfare, the London School of Economics, and the United States.

The Popular Revolutionary Army is a violent leftist movement in Mexico led by a masked leader who identifies himself as "Captain Emiliano." It was first formed in 1996 and after engaging police in a fire fight near the Guerrero capital of Chilpancingo, "declared" war on the Mexican government in a document called the Aguas Blancas Manifesto. The EPR guerrilla currently operates in the States of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guanajuato, Tlaxcala and Veracruz.

The Del Movimieto Frente Orden Nacional (FON) sees national socialism as a new force standing between national and international adversity for the Chilean people.

The Party of the Swedes is a nationalistic political party, active in Sweden. It was founded by members of the former National Socialist Front in 2008 under the name People's Front, but was renamed in 2009 after it was revealed that a leftist party was already registered under that name. The leader of the party is Daniel Höglund, who was also one of the two leaders of the National Socialist Front. The FSP also has ties with a youth movement called the National Youth League (Förbundet Nationell Ungdom); although no official links exist with the party, they clearly have a close co-operation, and their leaders, according to the Swedish website Expo Skola, do have a common history of membership in the National Socialist Front.

The Forza Nuova (FN) is an Italian far right political party. Founded by Roberto Fiore and Massimo Morsello, and supporting the ideas of Julius Evola, the party is a member of the European National Front and was a part of the Social Alternative from 2003 to 2006. The party policies are an interesting blend of National Socialist ideology and traditional Roman Catholicism.

New Force mostly uses two flags (Types #1 and #2) charged with its logo, which is a white rhomboid charged with party name initials in black and placed in centre of a larger red rhomboid which also contains party name inscribed in white above and below the central device. This logo is based on a common template used also by other European ultra-rightist movements which are members of the European National Front. Of these flags, the one much more used has black field (Type #2) and the logo height equal with the flag width, although some photos seem to show a black fimbriation.

FN Flag (Type #5)		FN Flag (Type #6)

At many New Force rallies, besides using the two main flags shown at the top left, a more traditional Italian Nazi Flag with the Sun Wheel (Type #5 and Type #6) has also been used both in red and black backgrounds. A NSDAP-style flag with the letters "FN" on a white disc also exists in variants of black and red colours, in fact, this variant can be found more frequently on the Web than the earlier one.

FN Flag (Type #7)		FN Flag (Type #8)

Either a black sun wheel or the letters FN, in somewhat different form, sometimes appear in the center stripe of the Italian Tricolor (Type #3). A sun wheel version (Type #4), the wheel usually in red, but also black, has also been reported. Also reported are Types #7 and #8 with either light blue or black backgrounds and an off-center green, white, and red rondel placed slightly behind large white block letters "FN" and words "Forza Nuova" written directly below.

The Black Sun Wheel, or Celtic Cross, on a white disc became the international symbol of young nationalist in several European countries. It is usually placed on a red field as is done with the Fronte Della Gioventú (FDG), or the Italian Nazi Party Flag shown here.

The National Youth League is a neo-Nazi movement started in in 2011 by Robin Boström. It was started with financial help from the Party of the Swedes sponcered newspaper "National Today." The name was borrowed from the 1930s pro-Nazi National Youth League of Sweden (Sveriges nationella ungdomsförbund, SNU). There followed several other Nazi and neo-Nazi youth organizations with the same or similar names, the last being the National Youth, part of the Swedish Resistance Movement, which was dissolved in 2006. The current organization describes itself as "a platform for educating young ethnic Swedes through workshops, lectures, and martial arts training." The FNU has six chapters and a national organization.

The paramilitary group Quebec Liberation Front was founded in 1963 by Georges Schoeters, a Belgian revolutionary. The goal of the FLQ was to "free" Quebec from Canada and form an independent nation. They were soon labeled a terrorist organization for their violent methods and were responsible for many violent incidents which killed eight people and injured many more, including a bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange in 1969. In 1970, during the "October Crisis," they kidnaped James Cross, the British commercial envoy in Quebec, and assassinated Pierre LaPorte, the Labor Minister of Quebec province. By 1971, the Montreal Police Antiterrorist Unit was able to arrest most of the FLQ leaders and dozens of members, after which the remaining FLQ broke up into several unorganized splinter groups.

The Iron Guard was an ultra-nationalist, fascist, anti-communist, and extremist Orthodox Christian movement originally founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, an anti-Semitic professor at the Bucharest University in 1927. Originally known as "The Legion of the Archangel Michael" (Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail), then renamed the "Everything for the Country" (Totul pentru Tara) Party, and the "The Legionnaire Movement" ("Miscarea legionara), but the name most commonly given to this far-right Romanian movement and political party was "The Iron Guard."

Its members wore green uniforms, thus were sometimes called "Greenshirts" (Camasile verzi), and greeted each other using the Fasist Roman salute. The main symbol used by the Iron Guard was a triple cross, standing for the prison bars of martyrdom, and sometimes referred to as the "Archangel Michael Cross" (Crucea Arhanghelului Mihail).

The Iron Guard differed from other fascist movements because its membership, rather than the usual military veterans, came from the peasantry and students. However, the legionnaires shared the fascist love for violence and political assassinations. The black flag of the movement, with its swastika in a white circle, soon became well-known in Romania in the late 20s and the early 30s. It was originally used by the National Christian Party, a similar although less militant party, in whose founding Codreanu took part in 1923 before having broken away to found the Iron Guard. (A tricolor with the swastika was used later by the National Christian Defense League and the National Christian Party) After 1938, the swastika symbol was replaced by the triple cross and the black field on their flags was normally replaced with a green, but ocasionally a red one.

Garda de Fier Flag (variant #2)		Garda de Fier Flag (variant #3)

The movement took part in the Spanish Civil War, and they had two prominent martyrs, both close to Codreanu, who died in the battle of Majadahonda. In 1938, when Codreanu was assassinated after the Guard started its conflict with King Carol (Charles) II over his plans to convert the country into a fascist nation. A campaign of assassinations ensued by Guard "legionnaires" who formed death squads and even though they managed to kill the prime-minister, they were almost decimated in the process. The black grid flag was completely banned by the Antonescu regime in 1941 and the new Guard leader, Horia Sima (Codreanu's successor), was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. He was released in 1944, became the head of the Romanian government in exile until 1945, but was never allowed to returned from exile and died in Spain.

A modern neo-Fascist successor to the Iron Guard calling themselves "The New Right" was founded in 2000.

The Chrysi Avyi is the biggest extreme-rightist organization in Greece, not to be confused with the "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn," a peaceful society dedicated to the philosophical, spiritual, and psychic evolution of humanity. The Greek "Golden Dawn" is anything but peaceful, and has been responsible for carrying out acts of violence and hate crimes against immigrants, political opponents and ethnic minorities. The group favored the use of two symbols: the meander (an ancient Greek decorative pattern) and the Sun Wheel. It ceased to exist as the separate organization in 2005, merging with the Patriotiki Symmahia (Patriotic Alliance), which used different symbols. In 2007, the Patriotic Alliance ceased to exist and the Golden Dawn announced its re-activation (and reintroduction of the meander and sun wheel). Since then, the website of Golden Dawn has been regularly updated. The same is true for Metopo Neolaeas (Youth Front) website, the youth wing of the organization.

Golden Dawn Sponsored Flags using the Sun Wheel (Celtic Cross)
These Sun Wheel variants are being used by a wide-variety of extremist groups today.

Variant #1		Variant #2
Variant #3		Variant #4
Variant #5		Variant #6 (un-verified)
Variant #7 (un-verified)		Green Wing Youth

Golden Dawn Banner
Also used by Unit 88 (New Zealand)

The Prasini Pteryga (Green Wing) is an ecologist organization founded by members of the youth wing of the Golden Dawn. It uses a green flag, charged with a white Celtic Cross with outer white and inner green fimbriations.

A new flag appearing in 2010 has blue field and is charged with a smaller maeandros (meander) within a wreath, between the inscriptions LAIKOS SYNDESMOS (People's Association) and H RYSI AYGI (Golden Dawn), possibly now the official name of the organization.

Another Golden Dawn flag (Variant #5), using a combination of a football (soccer) club colors (orange and blue), is now used by some fans of the Apoel Football Club of Nicosia, Cyprus. This is an example of how ultra-rightists attempt to infiltrate normal society, and by introducing their flag to football fans as a non-political symbol, it provides them with a valuable tool of later indoctrination.

"Epsilon" Design 2011		Meander Variant 2012 (use unverified)

Two new Golden Dawn flags were introduced in 2011 and 2012. The first is charged with a large letter epsilon within a wreath, all black with white fimbriations, on a dark red field. The letter epsilon probably stands either for Ellas (Greece), Ethnos (Nation), or Ethnikismos (Nationalism). The second Golden Dawn flag appeared in 2012 and has a black Meander symbol with white fimbriations placed on a red shield with white border, all centered within a red wreath on a black field. "Golden Dawn" (in Greek) is spelled in red block letters directly below the wreath. Note: This second may only be an illustration used for Golden Dawn articles, its actual use as a flag is unverified.

The Groen Rechts (GR) is an Ecologist ultra-rightist organization. The Green Rights website contains almost no information about the group, although since the logo of N-SA appears at the bottom of all the pages it suggests that members of the Nieuw-Solidaristisch Alternatief (Neo-Solidarist Alternative Movement) must have founded the GR. The flag of the Green Rights, with its black Celtic cross on a green field, also further suggest ties between two organizations.

This was the flag of the Imperial Fascist League (IFL) a British Fascist movement led by Arnold Spencer Leese between 1928 until 1939. The IFL was a small group with never more than a few hundred members. They wore black shirts and were organized for street battles. Initially, they used the fasces as a symbol, but adopted the swastika superimposed on the Union Flag after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany.

Nationalist Party was founded in 1934 by fusion of the Icelandic Nationalist Movement (Þjóðhreyfing Íslendinga), founded in 1933, and their breakaway members - the original Nationalist Party. The party believed in Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism, and intended to make Iceland a Corporativist state, but never developed a personality cult of a supreme leader. The membership never exceeded 450. The British invasion of Iceland in World War II in 1940 caused a mass exit from the party which was officially disbanded in 1944. In Iceland today, membership in the Nationalist Party is a matter of embarrassment and very few objects, including the party flags, have been saved, except perhaps by a small number of collectors who are interested in this period of Icelandic history.

Historic Icelandic Flags
(These flags have inspired both the color and design of the INP flags)

Iceland Unofficial Flag (1897-1915)		Iceland National Flag (1915-1944)		Iceland National Flag (since 1944)

The Nationalist Party used two different flags in national colors. The first flag added the swastika to the 19th Century proposal from which the national flag was derived. The swastika was placed on a white diamond, conjoined with the cross into a single charge. The second flag had a typical Nazi design, with red swastika on a white disk in center of blue field.

The Integralist Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, founded by Robert Stead and Benjamin Noyles, is a small political movement in Great Britain that seems to be a strange combination of neo-Fascistism, localism, traditionalism, trade unionism, corporatism, and environmentalism. It combines elements of both the political left and right, but claims not to be racist, although they do oppose mass immigration and what they call the EU "straightjacket." They see the nation as an organic unity, and feel that there has been a social, political, and economic decline suffered in Great Britain that must be corrected.

The Jebhe Nasionalisti-ye Iranian-e Arya (IAMF) is an ultra-nationalistic organization with Iranian national ideals as its prerogative. They emphasize Aryan Values and are definitely in support of the concept of Aryan Racial superiority.

The Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front is an Islamic militant hate group that follows the teachings of Necip Fazil Kisakürek and his racial hate philosophy of Büyük Dogu (Great East). The group's goal is to create a new Sunni Caliphate in the Middle East. They claim credit for attacks on Shia, Alevi, Christian, and Jewish diplomatic, business, and religious interests in Istanbul. The group has defiantly moved from rhetoric to violence and is credited with a series of 90 bombings and attacks in the 1990s.

The Jonbesh-e Nasional Sosialist-e Iran (INSM) is the latest addition to the Internet-based National Socialist organizations of Iran. Although the organization is Iranian, strangely enough they use the English script letters "INSM" centered on their flag standing for "Iranian National Socialist Movement."

The Israeli National Bolshevik Party is a strange contradictory one. National Bolsheviks in other countries generally have an anti-Zionist and pro-Palestinian attitude, but their Israeli counterparts are openly Zionist and frequently co-operate with other extreme Zionist groups. They also claim the heritage of Poalei Zion and other Jewish leftist organizations from the Russian Empire (most of their members are immigrants from ex-USSR countries). They also frequently express the solidarity with the "repressed" Russian NazBols, but generally seem not to be very close with most of their European counterparts, who, as mentioned, are generally very anti-Zionist and pro-Palestinian.

The Army of the Nation is a small terrorist group based in the southern Gaza town of Khan Yunis and led by a man known only as Abu Hafss. The armed members of this group wear black robes over black pants with red or black "death squad" headbands. The group considers themselves "brothers" of the al-Qaida terror network and threaten not only to operate in the Giza-Tel Aviv area, but "God willing" to take the fight to Washington. Hamas has supported and allowed such extremist groups as the JUA to train openly in Palestine.

The Kach Movement began as a far right political party in Israel, founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in the early 1970s. It was barred from participating in elections after 1988 under Israeli elections laws that banned parties that incited racism. In 1990, Kahane was assassinated after making a speech in New York City.

The Knight's Party is now a registered political party whose purpose is to provide an avenue for the members of the Ku Klux Klan (see below) to run as political candidates in elections. They host a new look for their website and now claim to be "peacefully" seeking to abolish all discriminatory affirmative action programs. They wish to become known as the "White Rights Movement" and consider themselves as "the Last Hope for America." They are still in the same old business, but trying for a newer more "politically correct" look.

Knight's Party Flag with border		Knight's Party Flag without border

This new flag is clearly inspired by the traditional National Socialists design, but instead of white disc with a black swastika, it has a white diamond enclosing a black Sun Wheel. Flag variants include diamonds with black borders or without borders.

The Blood Drop symbol is most often used by various Klan organizations throughout the United States. Usually at clan rallies there are actually a lot more United States Flags displayed than KKK flags, despite their very un-American racial beliefs.

The Ku Klux Klan was established in Tennessee in 1866. Most of the leaders were former members of the Confederate Army and the first Grand Wizard was Nathan Forrest, a confederate general during the American Civil War. In the late 1800s and early 1900s Clansmen wearing masks, white cardboard hats and draped in white sheets, have been responsible for torturing and killing black Americans and sympathetic whites. The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s prompted a modern rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan activities that has persisted until the present day.

KKK - White Power		Blood Drop Variant		KKK-White Power-CSA

The variant KKK flag (red-white-red background with the center Blood Drop symbol) is commonly called the "Duke Flag" named for neo-Nazi, turned clan leader, David Duke. In addition to the American and Confederate flags, there is a KKK "White Power" flag with fist emblem centered on a black field, that occasionally appears at Clan rallies. A new, but undocumented flag is a KKK/White Power/CSA Flag currently being sold.

Another small splinter group (or individual) claiming to be part of the KKK are calling themselves the New Order Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Proclaiming themselves the "Blue Tunic Army," they claim that their mission is to preserve the white heritage, so future generations will know and learn from their history." They proclaim a strange combination of anti-semitism, national socialism, and Christianity claiming that National-Socialism is the way of the Aryan warrior, yet say their "dedication is to educate, not in hatred, but with pride for the race that (they) are a part of." Not much is really known about this group.

Headquartered in Compton, Arkansas, the Ku Klux Klan Limited Liability Company (KKK LLC), is yet another attempt to legitimize the KKK. A limited liability company (LLC) is a legal form of corporation that provides limited liability to its owners. Chartered in the State of Arkansas, and working under a legal business structure, this branch of the KKK claims its actions are all completely legal and aboveboard. They pay taxes, keep legitimate financial records of all their activities, and claim to act only as a resource for Klan philosophy and its meaning.

The Libertarian National Socialist Green Party (LNSGP), is an American organization that cites the National Socialist German Workers Party as its primary ideological inspiration, while also incorporating elements of Libertarianism and the Green movement.

National Christian Defense League was founded in 1923, by transformation of the National Christian Union (Uniunea National Crestina), which was founded previous year. Founder and leader of both parties was Alexandru C. Cuza, a politician already known after his extreme anti-Semitism, in service of which he was using even the proposals that would otherwise sound progressive for those times, like universal male suffrage and land reform. Second position in the new party was held by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, whose political mentor Cuza was during previous years. The flag of National Christian Defense League was black with a white disc charged with a black swastika, all within a border in national colors. According to Codreanu, black field was the symbol of mourning, white disc symbolized the "hopes surrounded by the darkness they will have to conquer", while the swastika was adopted as the worldwide symbol of anti-Semitism. The last statement suggests that the symbol was actually borrowed from the Nazis of Germany, although Cuza later claimed that it was used in Romania since 1910, when he took part in founding of the Democratic Nationalist Party (Partidul Nationalist Democrat), from which he later broke away to found the National Christian Union, the party whose use of the swastika is indeed verified.

Although the National Christian Defense League drew inspiration from Italian Fascism and German Nazism, it was not as militant as these movements and Cuza was constantly refusing Codreanu's proposals to turn the party into a militia. This eventually caused a split in 1927, when Codreanu broke away to found the Iron Guard. New movement quickly took many supporters from the National Christian Defense League, which managed to survive, although somewhat weakened, until 1935, when it merged with the National Agrarian Party (Partidul National Agrar) to form the National Christian Party (Partidul National Crestin). Some time after the split, the National Christian Defense League adopted a new flag, Romanian tricolor with a black swastika in the center, which it transferred to its successor in 1935.

The Lithuanian National Union, founded 2011, is the most current neo-Nazi party in Lithuania. It is the successor of a host of previous neo-Nazi organizations. To name a few:

• Lithuanian Union of National Socialist Unity (LNSVS) - Lietuviu` Nacionalsocialine's Vienybe's Sa`junga (1996-1999)
• Lithuanian National Democratic Party (LNDP) - Lietuvos Nacionaldemokratu` Partija (founded independently 1999-2009)
• Lithuanian National Labour Union (LTDS) - Lietuviu` Tautinio Darbo Sa`junga (1999-2000)
• Lithuanian National Socialist Party (LNSP) Lietuviu` Nacionalsocialine' Partija (2000-2001)
• Unified Lithuanian National Workers Movement (VLNDS) - Vieningasis Lietuviu` Nacionaldarbininku` Sa`ju^dis (2007-2011)

All of these organizations, except the LNDP, were founded and led by the same man, Lithuanian neo-Nazi activist Mindaugas Murza (also known as Mindaugas Gervaldas). Each of these Lithuanian National Socialist Parties used a range of flags, many of which are derived from those of their predecessors. Regardless of their varying names and flags, members of all these groups attacked Lithuania's minorities of Jews, Poles and Russians, and demanded that these minorities be made to leave Lithuania. They also advocated restrictions on immigration and on the import of foreign goods and expressed doubts about whether Lithuania should seek EU membership. Mindaugas Murza compared globalism to Zionism, and preaches hatred of the Jews (anti-Semitism) and other Nazi policies, including paraphasing the German National Socialist slogan with "Lithuania, wake up!" Murza was imprisoned for his activities, but his followers still occassionally cause trouble.

LNDP Flag (also briefly used by VLNDS)		LNSVS Flag (used by LNDP and VLNDS as a "heritage" flag)

The VLNDS flag most frequently used was originally described as the "National" flag. The party described the cross as the combination of two swastikas, one right-facing and one left-facing. The flag they called the "Honor" flag has never appeared in any public demonstrations and was perhaps only used during private meetings, if any copies were made at all, for its design was never made known to the public. The VLNDS "Party" flag ("Organizational" flag, as it was called by them) was shown at the party website, but its actual use was not verifed so far. It is derived from the flag used by the LNDP in 2001-2007 (while Murza and his followers were its members) and also by the VLNDS in early 2007, but the white disc and black cross of the original design were reduced in size and superimposed over a "Black Sun," a well-known Nazi symbol, depicted here in gold color. To denote its ideological heritage, the VLNDS also sometimes used the flags of the Lithuanian Union of National Socialist Unity and the Lithuanian National Socialist Party.

The flag of the Lithuanian Union of National Socialist Unity (LNSVS) which featured a white swastika on a white outlined red disc placed on a red field, was most likely the flag of some earlier neo-Nazi group, because it does seem to be more traditional, and there have been many similar organizations previously in Lithuania. Their verified flag was similar to that of the LNDP, but was charged with a cross crosslet instead of the cross potent. The Lithuanian National Labour Union (LTDS), founded by a re-organization of the Lithuanian Union of National Socialist Unity (LNSVS), but replaced almost imediately the next year, used a flag that had a red cross crosslet on white field which differed from most used among the neo-Nazi groups in Lithuania that all favored red fields. Its replacement, the Lithuanian National Socialist Party (LNSP), used a red flag charged with a white cross crosslet on a white outlined red disc; the dark shade of red was also sometimes attributed to other flags used, but was verified only for this one.

The French Work is a French ultranationalist movement, founded in 1968 by Pierre Sidos. Sidos has a long history of founding, providing leadership, and memberships in a variety of different extremist groups such as Young Nation, the Nationalist Party, 13 May People's Movement, Organization of the Secrete Army, to name just a few. Most of these organizations were banned by the French government for being either anti-semitic, neo-Nazi, racist, or prone to violence. Somehow, the French Work has remained marginally legal in the French political picture. The L'Œuvre française main goal seems to be replacing the French Republic with a new monarchy whose goal would be to return France to its "historic role and civilizing mission."

The Lord's Resistance Army (Lord's Resistance Movement), led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the spokes person of God and the Holy Spirit, is a militant terrorist group which was started in 1987 in the Acholi region of Northern Uganda. The LRA operates in northern Uganda, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic. The LRA has been blamed for widespread human rights violations, including reported murder, abduction, mutilation, cannibalism, sexual enslavement, and seizing child conscripts to participate their terrorists activities. The LRA forces are now shrunken in size and on the defensive, with Ugandan Defense Forces, aided by American Special Forces commando trainers, determined to put an end to their violent activities. The remaining LRA forces appear to be now mostly active in the Orientale province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the DRC provides a safe zone and refuses to allow Ugandan troops to enter in pursuit of the LRA.

The Movimento de Acçăo Nacional (MAN) was a "classical" European-type neo-Nazi style movement, which operated from 1986 to 1992. They used a white lined Celtic Cross (Sun Wheel) on black flag. Technically, this was not a party, but a neo-fascist movement connected with groups of "skinheads" and football supporters.

As the self-proclaimed "revolutionary voice" of the indigenous people of Mexican descent, the Mexica Movement wants to unite North and Central America into the "Nation of Anahuac" whose rightful inhabitants are indigenous Native Americans. They advocate that all white Americans should return to their true homes in Europe, and leave the Americas to its original people. They view Latin Americans of Amerindian descent, Native Americans, and the Canadian First Nations as one people who are falsely divided by European-imposed borders.

The Magyar Népjóléti Szövetség (MNS) is a neo-fascist movement. It is small, but they are visible at public demonstrations on national days or anniversaries linked to World War II. The Hungarian Welfare Association, which has appeared under various names and in different guises, adheres openly to the legacy of the Hungarian fascist Arrow Cross, or Cross Star movement, led during the World War II by Ferenc Szalasi.

The Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile (MNSC) was a political group started in 1932 and was active until 1938, which initially supported the ideas of Adolf Hitler, but later moved towards its own brand of fascism. Their flag used during this time was based on the first Chilean flag.

One of the newest neo-Nazi groups in Peru is the Movimiento Nacional Socialista Vanguardia Nacional (MNSVN) which was founded in 2010, with branches in Lima, La Libertad and Lambayeque. The National Vanguard uses a flag featuring a black arrow pointing upwards, said to be the "tyr" rune (tiwaz). The rune, shaped as a raised spear symbolizes power, resistance, determination and fighting spirit, according to the group.

The Republican National Movement (MNR) was founded by Bruno Mégret in 1999 as a splinter of the extreme-right party National Front (FN or front national). Although political observers have considered the MNR to be a far-right party, the MNR presents itself as classical liberal and nationalist. It opposes immigration, Islamisation, and the European Union, but, unlike the National Front, supports free markets and neoliberalism.

The Movimiento Nacional Socialista Despierta Perú (MNSDP) is a radical neo-Nazi group in Peru whose activities center around Cieneguilla according to the Peruvian police. Their motto of "Peru Awake" is obviously paraphrasing "Deutschland erwache!" (Germany awake!). The MNSDP has plans to form a super "creole" neo-Nazi group to celebrate Hitler's 120th birthday which they plan to call the Unión Nacional Socialista Peruana (UNSP, Peruvian National Socialist Union).