Historical Flags of Our Ancestors - Modern Conflict Flags

Flags of Modern Conflicts

The Struggle for Cyprus

Ottoman Turkish Empire	The Ottoman Empire 1570-1878 In 1570, a full scale conquest under Piyale Pasha with 60,000 troops brought the Island of Cyprus under control of the Ottoman Empire, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Administration control (but not sovereignty) of the island was ceded to the British Empire in 1878, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The island would serve Britain as a key military base in its colonial routes.
Greek Revolutionary Flag	Greek Revolutionary Flag 1821-1829 The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war waged by the Greeks to liberate themselves from the Ottoman Empire. Before the war was over both the western and eastern great powers would become involved. The London Conference of 1832 established the Kingdom of Greece, with an imported Bavarian prince named Otto being made its first king. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France claiming a major role in Greek politics, and with a ruler supported by a mercenary army.
Kokkinochoria Flag	Kokkinochoria Flag 1821-1832 The flag shown above was used in the region of Kokkinochoria during the Independence War of 1821. People in Cyprus then fought for enosis (Union) with Greece. The Greek letter "TT" placed in the middle of the flag represents the village of Paralimni, where soldiers were recruited and organized.
Greece	Greece 1822-present After a long and bloody struggle against the Ottoman Empire, Greek liberation was finally succeeded by the Treaty of Constantinople in July of 1832. The Greeks were thus the first people of the Ottoman Empire's subjects to secure recognition as an independent sovereign power. This is the first national flag of Greece adopted in 1822 and still in use today.
Cyprus Colonial Blue Ensign 1905 Cyprus Colonial Blue Ensign 1922 Cyprus Colonial Red Ensign 1922	Cyprus under British rule 1878-1960 In 1878, in exchange for assistance against Russian encroachment in eastern Turkey, Cyprus was put under British administration, but remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1914 when Turkey entered World War I on the German side. At this time Cyprus was annexed by the British Crown, and in 1925 the annexation was recognized by both Greece and Turkey under Treaty of Lausanne and Cyprus officially became a Crown Colony. Cyprus High Commissioner 1881 Cyprus High Commissioner 1922 The British would rule the Island of Cyprus until 1960 when Cyprus independence was recognized.
United Kingdom Royal Air Force Ensign	Sovereign Base Areas Flag (United Kingdom) Cyprus gained its independence only in exchange for the creation of three British military bases on its territory: these are the base of Akrotiri, the base of Dhekelia and the Mount Olympus radar centre on the top of the Troodos Mountains. The British Law is the only law there. The three Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus are administered by the Commander British Forces on behalf of the Ministry of Defence, and not by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. At one time the RAF Ensign was used as the de-facto national flag of the Sovereign Base Areas because of local political sensitivity to the use of the Union Flag in Cyprus.
Republic of Cyprus	Republic of Cyprus Flag 1960 The Republic of Cyprus was proclaimed on August 16, 1960, as a compromise solution between the Greek and Turkish communities of the island. The Greek aspiration to "enosis" (incorporation of the whole island to Greek) as well as the Turkish aspiration to "taksim" (sharing of the island between Greece and Turkey) were rejected. According to the Constitution, the Greek community elected the President of the Republic, Archbishop Makarios III (1913-1977), whereas the Turkish community, elected the Vice-President of the Republic, Fazil Küçük.
United Nations	United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) In 1974, the occupation of part of Cyprus by Turkey resulted in the division of the island by the Attila line (also known as the "Green Line"). The line area was provided by the Republic of Cyprus and is controlled only by UN troops. The UN headquarters are located at the Nicosia International Airport which was abandonded after the war in 1974 and now can only be used by the United Nation Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP).
United Cyprus Republic	Flag of the United Cyprus Republic 2004 (Proposed) The above flag was chosen by a committee of Greek and Turkish Cypriots in early March of 2004. They chose from several hundred entries sent in to an international competition organized by the UN in early 2003. The proposal for a new status of Cyprus drafted by the United Nations was rejected by referendum on April 24, 2004. Accordingly, Cyprus is still de facto divided into two parts, the Republic of Cyprus, internationally recognized, except by Turkey, as sovereign over the whole island but exerting power only on its southern part; and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized by Turkey only, and exerting power on the north of the island. The capital city of Cyprus, Nicosia, is also divided between the two powers.
TRNC Flag TRNC Presidents Flag	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1985-present In February of 1975, Rauf Denktas, the leader of the Turkish community, was elected President of the self-proclaimed "Turkish Cypriot Federate State" in northern Cyprus. In 1983, it unilaterally declared independence as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus." The new state was recognized only by Turkey and condemned by the United Nations Security Council. The flag itself was the winning entry in a public competition. The Constitution of the new state was adopted on May 5, 1985, and presidential and general elections took place in June of 1985. This hand-held flag was sent to Dean Thomas from Turkey. It is apparently a new Turkey/Turkish Cypriot solidarity flag.
Greek Enosis Banner	"Greek Cypriot" flag This is the unofficial flag of the Greek community of Cyprus. It has no official status, but is being flown in hotels, restaurants, and private homes. Of course, it isn't displayed in any public or government buildings. The flag symbolizes the desire of the Cypriot patriots for an union with Greece.

Israel-Palestine Question

Israel	Israeli National Flag 1948 In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of Palestine into two states, one the Jewish State of Israel and one proposed Arab Country of Palestine. When the neighboring Arab countries refused to accept the plan, the State of Israel proclaimed itself an independent nation in 1948. Since then, Israel has been in conflict with many of the neighboring Arab countries, resulting in several wars and decades of violence that continue to this day. In general, the Israeli have come out on top in each conflict.
State of Palestine Flag British Palestine Mandate 1920-1948 Palestinian Protest flag with the Shahada Palestinian Protest Flag	Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Flag 1964-2005 Palestinian National Authority (PNA) Flag 2005-present Although this flag design dates back to the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916, it was officially adopted as the flag of the Palestinian people by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. In 2005, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) adopted the flag as the flag of the State of Palestine. Today, the flag is flown widely by Palestinians and their supporters. Within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the boundaries of Palestine are subject to deep dispute. To the Palestinian people, the boundaries of Palestine are those made in the British Mandate of 1920–1948, excluding those of the Kingdom of Jordan, which became an independent Arab country in 1921. However, Israel conquered three-quarters of this territory by the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the remaining part, comprising the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem, were first occupied by Egypt and Jordan, but later conquered by Israel during the Six Days War in 1967. Since that time the question of establishing a "State of Palestine" with precise boundaries has been marred by periodic outbreaks of violence. In 1993, the Oslo Peace Accords, signed by Yassir Arafat and then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in Washington, managed to get an agreement between the Palestinians and Israelis. Israel would pull out of the Gaza Strip and cities in the West Bank, while leaving the contested East Jerusalem in Israeli control. In 2005, Israel did unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip as agreed in the "Disengagement Plan," and all the Israeli settlers were evacuated from the Gaza Strip. Control over the area was transferred to the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) which was established to govern those areas from which Israel withdrew. Other home-made "Palestinian Protest flags" seen during political demonstrations (Obviously, those written in English were designed to take advantage of western media coverage)
Royal Egypt	Kingdom of Egypt Flag 1922-1952 The first official national flag of modern Egypt was adopted by a Royal Decree of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1923, after Britain formally recognized Egyptian independence in 1922. It consisted of a white crescent with three white stars on a green background.
Egyptian Republic	Republic of Egypt Flag 1952-1958 Following the 1952 revolution, the Egyptian Republic initially kept the green flag with the crescent and three stars of the kingdom, but later replaced it with a red-white-black horizontal tricolour with an eagle emblem in the white stripe, bearing a shield of the crescent and stars.
Egypt and Syria	Egypt (United Arab Republic) Flag 1958-1972 In 1958, the United Arab Republic, which comprised a merger of Syria and Egypt was founded. A red-white and black tricoloured flag with two green stars became the UAR flag. Egypt continued to use this flag until January 1, 1972, although the short-lived Egypt-Syria union saw its dissolution in 1961. The flag is still used as a national flag by Syria today.
Egyptian Republic	Egypt (Federation of Arab Republics) Flag 1972-1984 In 1972, Egypt, Syria, and Libya joined together calling themselves the Federation of Arab Republics. The flag of this new union was once again a red-white-black tricoloured flag with the golden "Hawk of Qureish," holding a scroll with the Arabic name of the Federation placed in the center.
Egypt	Egyptian National Flag 1984-present The flag of Egypt in its current form was adopted on October 4, 1984. The flag of 1984 restored the top red stripe to the same red used in the United Arab Republic flag. The flag of 1972 had lightened the red color slightly. It depicts Egypt's national emblem, the Eagle of Saladin (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band of the three equal horizontal bands of red, white, and black.
Lebanon	Republic of Lebanon Flag 1943-present The Lebanese flag is derived from the French tricolor. The cedar was placed in the white of the French flag. When Lebanon pronounced its independence, they got rid of the blue and made the stripes horizontal. The addition of a cedar tree can be easily explained because of the historical importance of the "Cedars of Lebanon" in near eastern history.
Jordan	Kingdom of Jordan 1912-present The national flag of Jordan is based on the flag of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The flag consists of three horizontal bands (black, white and green) that are all connected by a red triangle on the left edge. The horizontal colors stand for the Abbasid, Umayyad and Fatimid Caliphates. The red triangle is for the Hashemite dynasty and the Arab Revolt. The seven pointed star, which is the only feature that distinguishes Jordan's flag from that of Palestine, stands for the unity of the Arab peoples. The Kingdom of Jordan became an independent Arab country in 1921.
Syria	Republic of Syria Flag 1946-1958 The first flag to be used by the Syrians, in 1920, was similar in color to the current flag of Jordan, but with the green and white colors reversed. The colors and design were taken from the Pan-Arab flag and inspired by the flag of the Arab Revolt. However, with the fall of the Ottoman Empire the French gained control of Syria until 1946 when Syria once again gained its independence. In 1946 Syria adopted this tricoloured flag with three green stars and used it until 1958 when they joined the United Arab Republic.
United Arab Republic	Syria (United Arab Republic) 1958-1961 Syrian National Flag 1980-present The United Arab Republic flag was used by Syria between 1958-1961. In 1961, Syria broke the union with Egypt. Strangely enough, the old UAR flag was re-adopted in 1980 by Syria and became its current national flag.
Syria	Syria (Federation of Arab Republics) Flag 1971-1980 In 1971, a red-white-black flag with a golden "Hawk of Qureish" holding a scroll with the Arabic name of the Federation of Arab Republics became the Syrian national flag. The Federation of Arab Republics consisted of Syria, Egypt and Libya.
Royal Iraq	Kingdom of Iraq Flag 1921–1959 The original flag of Iraq was adopted in 1921, when the country was formed as a monarchy. It was a black-white-green horizontal tricolour, with a red trapezoid (some variants have a triangle) extending from the mast side, inspired by the flag of the Arab Revolt. Two seven-pointed white stars on the triangle denoted the two principal peoples of the kingdom: the Arabs and the Kurds.
Republic of Iraq	Republic of Iraq Flag 1959–1963 Following Abdul Karim Qassim's 1958 revolution that deposed the monarchy in 1959, Iraq adopted a new flag that consisted of a black-white-green vertical tricolour, and a red eight-pointed star with a yellow circle at its center in the middle white band. The black and green represented pan-Arabism, the yellow sun representing the Kurdish minority, while the red star of Ishtar represented the Assyrian minority. This version of the Iraqi national flag is currently allowed to be flown in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
Iraq Flag	Flag of Iraq 1963–1991 After the Qassim government was overthrown, a new flag was adopted in 1963. The new flag had three stripes, of red, white, and black, with three green stars in the white stripe. The green stars were originally placed there for the proposed, but never-consummated, union of Iraq with Egypt and Syria in the United Arab Republic. By 1961, however, the Union between Syria and Egypt had already fallen apart.

Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

Ba'ath Iraq	Iraqi National Flag 1991–2004 In 1991, the flag was changed again. The meaning of the three stars was changed from their original geographic meaning to representations of the three tenets of the Ba'ath party motto, Unity, Freedom, Socialism. Saddam Hussein decreed to place the Takbir, the words Allaahu Akbar "God is Great," between the stars. It is said (though unconfirmed) that the words on the flag were in Saddam's own handwriting.
Persia State Flag	Imperial State of Persia Flag 1964-1980 The Imperial State of Iran (Persia) was ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979) until the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. With the overthrow of the Shah of Iran the rule of the country passed to the fanatical Ayatollah Khomeini, who was an Iranian politician, scholar and religious figure.
Iran	Islamic Republic of Iran Flag 1980-present Following the 1979 revolution, Khomeini became the country's "Supreme Leader" until his death in 1989. Shortly after assuming power, Khomeini called for Islamic revolutions across the Muslim world, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq. Saddam Hussein, Iraq's Ba'athist leader, looking for an excuse to test his military and capture rich Iranian oil fields, eagerly accepted the Ayatollah's challenge, starting the eight-year-long Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). Both sides would receive help from the East and West Superpowers who saw economic opportunities in the situation.

Falkland Islands War 1982

Ceremonial Argentina Flag 1818 Ornamental Argentina Flag 1812	Republic of Argentina National Flags 1812-present The national flag of Argentina dates from 1812. It is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured light blue, white and light blue. In 1818, a yellow Sun of May was added to the center. Since that time both flags have been used. The full flag featuring the sun is called the Ceremonial Flag and the flag without the sun is called the Ornamental Flag. The armed forces took power in Argentina in a junta calling themselves the "National Reorganization Process" in 1976. The military government repressed opposition using harsh measures in what became known as the "Dirty War" during which thousands of people "disappeared." By 1982, Argentina was in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and there was large-scale civil unrest against the repressive military junta. The junta hoped to use what became known as the "Falkland Island War" to solve their problems.
Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands Flag 1948-present The United Kingdom designated this the flag of the Falkland Islands in 1948; following the traditional Blue Ensign design used for British colonies. The United Kingdom has claimed sovereignty over the Falkland Islands since 1833, but this was disputed by Argentina, a dispute which escalated in 1982 with Argentina's invasion of the islands.
United Kingdom	United Kingdom Union Jack 1801-present In April of 1982 a combined Argentine amphibious force invaded the Falkland Islands. Immediately, the United Kingdom severed diplomatic ties with Argentina, and began to assemble a task force to retake the Islands. The United Nations Security Council issued a resolution calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the Islands and asked both parties to seek a diplomatic solution.
UK Naval Ensign	United Kingdom Naval Ensign On May 1, a British Task Force began offensive action against Argentina. After short but fierce naval and air engagements an amphibious landing was made at San Carlos Bay, and by June 14 the Argentine forces surrendered and control of the islands returned to the UK.

The Persian Gulf Wars 1990-1991 and 2003

Kuwait

State of Kuwait Flag 1961-present

The flag of Kuwait was adopted on September 7, 1961. Before 1961, the flag of Kuwait, like those of other Gulf states, was red and white. The present flag is in the Pan-Arab colors. Kuwait is one of the richest oil producing countries in the world. The invasion of Kuwait in 1990 by neighboring Iraq would cause a major United Nations police action.

Iraq

Iraqi National Flag 1991-2004

Saddam Hussein, Iraq's Ba'athist leader, with help from the United States and Russia, managed to build the fourth largest army in the world during the Iran-Iraq War, thus the stage was set for the Persian Gulf Wars. In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling, and using this as an excuse, Saddam invaded Kuwait.

Image from World Flags Collection website

United Nations

United Nations Coalition 1990-1991

The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops was met with immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by the UN Security Council, and with immediate preparation for war by the United States and the United Kingdom. The resulting First Gulf War (1990-1991), was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations authorized by the United Nations, but led primarily by the United States and the United Kingdom, in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait. It was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, which took over Kuwait and entered Iraqi territory. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Iraq also launched missiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel in retaliation for their support of the invading forces in Kuwait.

United States

Image by Clay Moss

United Kingdom

Image by Edward Mooney, Jr.

Denmark

Second Gulf War Coalition Forces 2003

The "Second Gulf War," or "Operation Iraqi Freedom," began in 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of United States and United Kingdom troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Denmark, Poland, and other nations. This was not, however, a United Nations sanctioned operation like the First Gulf War.

The invasion led to the quick defeat of the Iraqi military, the flight of President Saddam Hussein, his capture in December of 2003, and his execution in December of 2006. The U.S.-led coalition occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new democratic government. But shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to sporadic warfare, strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and fresh al-Qaeda operations in Iraq. This situation is still unresolved and continues...

Australia

Poland

Proposed Iraqi Flag

Proposed Iraqi Flag 2004

This flag design was proposed by the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) as a new Iraqi national flag in 2004, but proved too controversial and was abandoned. The flag was white, with parallel blue-yellow-blue bands across the bottom quarter or third; the blue bands represented the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, and the yellow represented Iraq's Kurdish minority. In the middle of the white field was a large Islamic crescent which was, unusually, depicted in a shade of blue. Apparently the colors were too close to those of Israel and too much of a break from the traditional Arab colors.

Republic of Iraq

Iraqi National Flag 2004–present

On this version of the flag of Iraq the text was changed from Saddam's alleged handwriting to traditional stylized Kufic script, and the red stars eliminated. It was to be a temporary design, because in July of 2008, the Iraqi parliament was to start a contest to design a new Iraqi flag; the contest was to have run until the end of September of 2008, then a committee was to pick the best three designs from which the Iraqi Parliament was to choose the winning design. With the countries current difficulties, it hasn't happened yet, and this flag remains the national flag.

War on Terrorism 2001

Taliban Afghanistan Flag	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1997-2001 Between 1996-1997 a plain white flag was flown by the Taliban, but in 1997 the Taliban superimposed the "Shahadah" on the the plain white field. In 1996, the Taliban freedom fighters took over the Afghanistan government. This fundamentalist Moslem group provided a sanctuary for the al-Qaeda leaders and terrorist training camps. Following the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in New York, American President George Bush declared a "War on Terrorism" and all those who support it. The United States launched "Operation Enduring Freedom," a military campaign to destroy the al-Qaeda terrorist training camps inside Afghanistan. The US military also threatened to overthrow the Taliban government for refusing to hand over Osama bin Laden and several al-Qaida members. The US made a common cause with the former Afghan Mujahideen to achieve its ends, including the Northern Alliance, a militia still recognized by the UN as the official Afghan government.
Afghan Northern Alliance Flag Afghanistan Flag 2002-2004 Afghanistan Flag 2004	Islamic State of Afghanistan 2004 The flag of Afghanistan has gone through some minor design changes since the Taliban were removed. However, the basic flag of Afghanistan consists of three stripes of the colors black, red, and green. This has been present on most flags of Afghanistan in the last twenty years. The center emblem is the classical emblem of Afghanistan with a mosque with its mihrab facing Mecca. The pre-Taliban era and Afghan Northern Alliance flag featured the same emblem, but with green, white and black horizontal stripes instead of vertical stripes. The flag adopted in 2002-2004 is similar to the one flown in Afghanistan during the monarchy between 1930 and 1973. The difference is the addition of the shahadah at the top of the coat-of-arms (seen in gold/yellow) in the center. The newest flag was adopted in 2004 and is similar to the previous flag, but with a different ratio. The words "The Islamic State of Afghanistan" has been replaced with simply "Afghanistan."
Pakistan War and State Flag Pakistan Civil Flag	Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947-present The successful United States military campaign to destroy the al-Qaeda terrorist training camps inside Afghanistan resulted in the overthrow the Taliban government, but Osama bin Laden wasn't captured during the campaign. Intelligence specialist feel he is hiding in northern Pakistan and being protected by a 120-mile ring of tribesmen whose job it is to warn of the approach of any troops. The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in 1947, just days before independence. The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the Muslim majority of Pakistan, with a vertical white stripe in the hoist, representing religious minorities. In the center is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star, representing light and knowledge.
First Continental Navy Jack	"War on Terrorism" United States Navy Jack This powerful American symbol hasn't been seen on the seven seas for almost 200 years, but is now being used again by U.S. Navy warships in the War on Terrorism. The so-called First Navy Jack was first shown in a painting of Commodore Hopkins, the First American Navy Commander-in-Chief, flying from the Ensign gaff (pole) of his ship.
Homeland Security Flag	Department of Homeland Security Flag 2001 After the infamous Twin-Towers Terrorist attack of 9/11 the new U.S. Department of Homeland Security was started with vast powers to help track down terrorist living in the United States. Although its powers are controversial, it is a reality. This flag of the new department was unveiled without fanfare at a press conference in October of 2001. It is dark blue with a standard U.S. coat-of-arms design in the center disc. This is a normal design used for organizations within the Executive Office of the President. Upon the disc is the inscription: "Office of Homeland Security United States of America." Centered on the American eagle's breast is a shield divided into three sections containing elements that represent the sky, land, and sea. There are 22 stars in the sky portion of the shield representing the 22 law enforcement and security forces that have come together to form Homeland Security.

The Balkan Yugoslav Wars 1992-1995

Serbia (Yugoslavia)	Republic of Serbia Flag 2006 In 1989, the League of Communists of Serbia selected Slobodan Miloševic to become the President of Serbia. By 1992, Slovene, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina had all declared independence from Yugoslavia, leaving only Montenegro and Serbia still calling themselves Yugoslavia. This resulted in the outbreak of incredibly brutal warfare as different national and religious groups clashed, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2003, Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro; a new flag was anticipated, but never created because Montenegro declared itself independent in 2006. However, this new Serbian flag was adopted in August of 2004, featuring the traditional red-blue-white stripes with the Serbian royal arms near the hoist; the civil flag had the three stripes only.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina National Flag 1998 The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains the colors traditionally associated with Bosnia. The three points of the triangle are understood to stand for the three nationalities of Bosnia: Bosnian, Coat, and Serbs. It is also seen to represent the map of Bosnia which looks like a triangle. The stars, representing Europe, are meant to be infinite in number and thus they seem to continue beyond the edges of the flag at top and bottom. The flag features white, blue, and yellow colors because they are often associated with neutrality and peace. Unfortunately, Bosnia/Herzegovina is home to three ethnic peoples and this precipitated a series of wars between the predominantly Muslim government and rebel Serbs (who wished to remain a part of Yugoslavia), rebel Coats (who wished to become a part of Croatia), and Bosnian government forces. In three years of war and bloodshed between 95,000 and 100,000 people were killed and more than 2 million left homeless.
United Nations Flag	United Nations Safe Zones 1993-1995 In 1991, the United Nations (UN) stepped into the Bosnia and Herzegovina situation by imposing an arms embargo on Bosnia and Yugoslavia, who had been supplying arms and support for the fighting. In 1993, the UN also sent in peace keeping troops and set-up "safe areas" for refugees in several parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These United Nations safe areas were to be protected using "all necessary means, including the use of force." By 1995, the situation in the UN safe areas was deteriorating and after the Sarajevo Massacre, one of the worst atrocities in Europe since World War II, something different needed to happen. Ultimately, the continued attacks on the UN safe areas, as well as the continued Siege of Sarajevo, resulted in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina named "Operation Deliberate Force."
NATO Flag To see more NATO flags: (click here)	North Atlantic Treaty Organization Flag The 1995, "Operation Deliberate Force," a sustained air campaign conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was begun to undermine the military capability of the Bosnian Serb Army who threatened and attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia. The bombing operation was carried out between August and September of 1995 involving 400 aircraft and 5000 personnel from 15 nations. This, along with international outrage at Serb war crimes and atrocities, helped turn the tide of war. The signing of the Dayton Agreement in Paris in 1995 by the presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Alias Izetbegovic), Croatia (Franjo Tudman), and Yugoslavia (Slobodan Miloševic) finally brought a halt to the fighting. The Hague War Crimes Tribunal would eventually charged Miloševic with crimes against humanity, violating the laws or customs of war, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and genocide for his role during the wars in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo.

International Naval War Against Somali Piracy 2005-2009

Somalia Flag	Republic of Somalia Piracy off the Somali coast has been a threat to international shipping since the beginning of the Somali Civil War. Since 2005, many international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization and the World Food Program, have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy. Piracy has contributed to an increase in shipping costs and impeded the delivery of food aid shipments. Ninety percent of the World Food Program's shipments arrive by sea, and ships have required a military escort. According to the Kenyan foreign minister, the Somali Falla have received over $150 million in ransom during the 12 months prior to November 2008
United Nations	United Nations Clashes have been reported between Somalia's Islamite fighters (who are opposed to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG)) and the pirates. In August 2008, Combined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition task force, took on the role of fighting Somali piracy by establishing a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden. The increasing threat posed by piracy also caused significant concerns in India since most of its shipping trade routes pass through the Gulf of Aden.
Republic of India Republic of Russia	International Task Force 2008 On October 5, 2008, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1838 calling on nations with vessels in the area to apply military force to repress the acts of piracy. At the 101st council of the International Maritime Organization, India called for a United Nations peace keeping force under unified command to tackle piracy off Somalia. There has been a general and complete arms embargo against Somalia since 1992. The Indian Navy responded to these concerns by deploying a warship in the region on October 23, 2008. In September 2008, Russia announced that it too will soon join international efforts to combat piracy. In November 2008, Somali pirates began hijacking ships well outside the Gulf of Aden, perhaps targeting ships headed for the port of Mombasa, Kenya. The frequency and sophistication of the attacks also increased around this time, as did the size of vessels being targeted. Large cargo ships, oil and chemical tankers on international voyages became the new targets of choice for the Somali hijackers. Eventually 15 other nations joined in the efforts including: Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Pakistan, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, and Turkey.
EU NAVFOR Flag	European Union Naval Force Flag 2008 The European Union is now conducting a military operation to help deter, prevent and repress acts of piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia. The European Union Forces are part of an international military organization consisting of forces of European Union countries with their own command structure. This military operation, named European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation ATALANTA, was launched in support of Resolutions 1814, 1816, 1838 and 1846 which were adopted in 2008 by the United Nations Security Council. Its mandate is to contribute to the protection of vessels of the World Food Programme (WFP) delivering food aid to displaced persons in Somalia; and the protection of vessels sailing in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali coast.